Questions

All modern computers ultimately represent information as sequences of 0s and 1s. Why binary specifically, and not some other number system?

Sorting a list is one of the most fundamental problems in computer science. What approaches exist, and is there a theoretically optimal algorithm?

Some programming languages are compiled and others are interpreted. What is the actual technical difference, and what are the trade-offs of each approach?

When I connect to a website over HTTPS, my browser and the server agree on a secret key without ever having met before. How is that mathematically possible?